Dynamic Content Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Dynamic Content Management - Essay Example The fundamental activity of a Web content administration framework was set out obviously during the 1990s by the then MIT (presently Harvard) database master Philip Greenspun (2003). CMS is characterized as those: â€Å"principles and rehearses around creating, overseeing, keeping up, and sending (web) content in an organization† (Nakano, 2002) CMS worries about the hierarchical errands, objectives and jobs which lead to top notch content and precise, appealing, valuable sites which are anything but difficult to utilize. The normal association's Web website or intranet has anyplace between one thousand and one million bits of substance. When the association has arrived at this size, it has a significant Web content administration challenge. What is a Web Content Management System? From Cascading Style Sheets through XML, has now advanced into the web CMS condition, where USD6.4 billions is relied upon to be spent by 2007 as indicated by IDC. In a Web Content Management framework the structure and introduction of substance on a Web page is isolated from the substance creation process. This is on the grounds that Web pages and connections can be progressively produced from data held in a database. TerminalFour’s Site Manager is a case of a business off the rack item which has discovered kindness with business, open and scholastic parts. By utilizing XML (extensible Mark up Language), a CMS can likewise permit content that is put away in the database to be repurposed for various gadgets, for example, cell phones, handheld PCs, booths and Web TV just as PCs.

Confucianism - a Religion or a Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Confucianism - a Religion or a Philosophy - Essay Example From an investigation of the content and a quick audit of Confucianism, it must be comprehended by the peruser that there are eventually just three choices which could be gathered: the understanding that Confucianism speaks to a way of thinking yet not a strict one, the understanding that Confucianism speaks to a strict perspective as a matter of first importance inside a philosophical translation being auxiliary, and the understanding that Confucianism speaks to both a strict and a philosophical translation. Similarly, it is the conviction of this creator that the most fitting translation of this specific circumstance is the principal determinant recorded above; with the third determinant additionally being a removed chance. Looking to see such an inquiry may appear as something of a pointless activity because of the way that Confucianism is certifiably not a generally drilled religion; be that as it may, trying to characterize what explicitly is and what explicitly isn't a religion is a significant part of portraying and characterizing the present world where we live. The purpose behind picking this first determinant as the most probable case being referred to is because of the way that Confucian convictions don't indicate a conviction or gratefulness for any subset of divine beings that must be followed or acknowledged all together for the person to achieve a level of advantage, love or salvation. While different religions make explicit cases with respect to what gods must be revered and lauded all together for a level of individual advantage to be produced, Confucianism makes no such cases. Also, expanding upon this is the way that Confucianism is syncretic; for example it expands upon other conviction frameworks and religions. This is something that couple of other conviction frameworks can guarantee and not a solitary world religion is equipped for gloating. This reality, maybe past any of the others which will be examined, assists with separating Confuci anism and separate this as a philosophyal translation of the world as opposed to a carefully strict one. Normally, in spite of the fact that the previous definition is sound, the reality remains that Confucianism holds key components of strict doctrine concerning the methods by which people ought to coordinate with each other and their general surroundings. Because of the way that the works and conviction arrangement of Confucianism are concerned principally with philosophyal and moral translations, it is straightforward why a significant number of the people that have inquired about this specific world view have gone to the understanding that philosophyal world view and understandings of right direct is a handle that all the more fittingly characterizes Confucianism when contrasted with the cover and fairly off base handle of religion (Smith 186). However, paying little mind to the translation of Confucianism that is made, the reality remains that it holds a considerable lot of the parts of a religion so it is additionally reasonable why such a significant number of people have alluded to it as a religion; loaded with a heavenly arrangement of works/precepts, a prophet, and a benchmark of norms and convictions that are passed down starting with one age then onto the next; starting with one adherent then onto the next. Accordingly, it is the perspective on this creator that Confucianism is in certainty an evident â€Å"religion† as it urges a lot of adherents to act and carry on with a specific goal in mind because of compelling as well as characterizing their lives dependent on a specific arrangement of lessons and standards. In such a way, the meaning of religion may not consummately merge with the way that Confucianism doesn't have a â€Å"god† or a specific church or some other such signs of other notable religions, it meets

Use Biography Examples To Keep You Writing

Use Biography Examples To Keep You WritingYou can easily find a lot of autobiography examples to practice. Once you get going, there will be time to read as many as you can get your hands on. With a few books in hand, you can at least practice your writing skills. In the meantime, you may want to start building your vocabulary by reading several biographies and learning about the lives of other famous people.Of course, once you have these examples, you don't need to continue practicing them. You will be ready for a big career move when you have what it takes to survive one. Some things are easy to learn, while others take some time to become your calling. Either way, practice makes perfect, especially if you are looking to get into something that requires a great deal of time and effort.Famous autobiography examples include those of Mark Twain, Pablo Picasso, or Martin Luther King Jr. A little research on your part can go a long way. Look through historical sources and look at the re cords of famous people. This may give you a glimpse into their lives and their development as people.These techniques can be put to use in memory enhancement exercises. Memory plays a key role in learning as well as in everything we do and therefore it is important to make it stronger.Even if you don't have any plans of using them to become a famous writer, the exercise is a good way to get yourself thinking about the people who influenced you. It may be too late for autobiography examples if you do not consider yourself a writer by then. You will need to do this however, before you become more serious about writing.One huge advantage to trying to read biographies is that you can see how writers work and improve their craft. Since so many of these writers come from all over the world, itis not an easy task to find the ones that truly matter. Once you get your hands on a few, you can see what people are doing right and wrong and try to get yourself to learn what they are doing right. Once you are ready to take on your own life and career, you will find yourself with many more examples to practice with. You can begin to use your own success as a means to help yourself become a better writer. Many writers get a great start in their careers by becoming an inspiration to others, so if you are interested in starting off like that, you should take some time to read what others have to say.Making your own memoir is just as easy as finding other autobiographies. Most will tell you that the best ways to write an autobiography is to take notes about a past event or person and make a diary entry or other kind of record. The only difference between an autobiography and a memoir is that the former usually takes longer to write and produce.

Is Satan A Hero Or Villain - 1258 Words

Is Satan a Hero or a Villain? An Analysis of Milton’s Paradise Lost The heroic qualities of Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost are overwhelmingly masked by his ‘satanic’ and villainous acts which qualify his character to fall into a category of villain rather than hero. Paradise Lost is an epic poem and like all epic poems, requires an epic hero with a tragic flaw. The tragic flaws of Satan are too prominent and effectual to call him an epic hero, but rather these flaws, or evil characteristics, carry any title of epic hero which he may have formerly obtained to the ninth circle of hell. In other words, the possibility of Satan to be a hero within Milton’s perception of Genesis chapter three is completely obscene in the face of his overwhelming hate and disdain for the light. But how are these flaws, referred to as evil characteristics from here on, applicable to Paradise Lost and what are the flaws? Essentially, flaws can be stemmed from motivations, and for Milton’s poem, the motivations of Satan and his evil ch aracteristics are one in the same. The protagonist of every story, in this case Satan who is more of an antagonist, has motives that are quite relatable to many people. Satan reveals these motives all in the span of 28 lines in Book I of Paradise Lost. Motivations lead people to do things, such as in the case of Milton himself. What caused him to write this acclaimed poem? It was surely a type of motivation or conviction. As is the case with Satan in the story,Show MoreRelatedSatan As A Hero And A Villain916 Words   |  4 PagesSatan as a Hero and a Villain (Analysis of Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost) John Milton created Paradise Lost out of twelve books of well constructed poetry. A poem depicting and going into detail of the story of Adam and Eve, man’s creation and fall. The poem focuses on the actions of one particular character, Satan. Milton introduces his readers to Satan in Book I as a hero, trying to get revenge against God for throwing him out of Heaven, being banished to Hell. But as Satan carries on withRead MoreParadise Lost: Satan Hero or Villain?2668 Words   |  11 PagesSatan: Epic Hero or Villain? John Milton wrote one of the greatest epic poems of all time when he wrote Paradise Lost in 1667. The book tells about mans creation and fall while detailing characters and the plot beyond what the Bible taught. One of these characters is Satan, which is one of the most argumented, controversial, and popular characters in the history of literature. The reason for controversary is the unclarity of whether or not Satan is a hero or a villain. He contains manyRead MoreEssay on John Miltonss Paradise Lost: Is Satan a Villain or Hero?2009 Words   |  9 Pagesof whether Satan is the hero or the villain of John Milton’s Paradise Lost has been largely debated by scholars over the centuries. The ones who believe Satan is the villain of the epic, more commonly known as the Anti-Satanists, tend to argue that Satan is too foolish to be considered a hero, as his â€Å"hostility to Almighty power† is ultimately a futile endeavour (as God’s power is omnipotent) (Carey, 135). C.W. Lewis, also an anti-Satanist, goes as far as to claim that to â€Å"admire Satan, then, is toRead MoreJohn Miltons Paradise Lost863 Words   |  4 Pagesprotagonist focus on Satan. The story is told largely with Satan being favorably portrayed and God having little presence other than cursing things, which convinces the audience that Satan’s view of God as a tyrant may not be too far off. Still, Satan is por trayed as the villain of the story. However, he has characteristics of a classical hero; including flaws that make the audience relate to and feel sympathy for him. By using part of the black-and-white Genesis story which paints Satan as evil and juxtaposingRead MoreThe Paradox Of The Hero1484 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Hero in Paradise Lost What exactly is a hero? A common pedestrian might say a hero is someone who goes out of their way to help people. A child may say that a hero is someone who performs valiant deeds. Merriam-Webster Dictionary itself has 3 definitions of a hero: â€Å"a person who is admired for great or brave deeds or acts,† â€Å"a person who is greatly admired† and â€Å"the chief male [or female] in a story, play, movie etc.† (Merriam Webster Dictionary). In a literary situation, a hero is definedRead MoreAnalysis Of John Orwell s Paradise Lost 882 Words   |  4 Pagesof epics to justify the ways of God to humanity. Paradise Lost includes most if not all of the conventions of epics, however several conventions in particular are the ones that best communicate Milton s message. The first convention is a legendary hero who embodies the values of a civilization. Adam and Eve are our heroes in this story. While Adam and Eve are the only people in their civilization, they still e mbody the Christian notion that humans are weak, sinful, and require God s assistanceRead MoreDemonic Heroism : The Psychoanalysis Of Satan Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesHeroism: The Psychoanalysis of Satan The epic poem Paradise Lost recounts the creation of life through the actions of Satan, also known as Lucifer, with god and his newer children: Adam and Eve. In the first half of Milton’s epic poem, Satan is first viewed a hero; courageous, a leader of fallen angels. He is prideful and determined in pursuing what he believes to be true which is why Satan rose off the lake of fire and challenges God while he delivered his heroic speech. Satan went on about how â€Å"to beRead MoreThe Role of Satan in Paradise Lost1455 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Satan in â€Å"Paradise Lost† John Miltons epic â€Å"Paradise Lost† is one that has brought about much debate since its writing. This epic tells the Biblical story of Adam and Eve, although from a different perspective than what most people usually see. Milton tells the story more through the eyes of Satan, whom most people usually consider the ultimate villain. The way in which Satan is portrayed in this story has caused speculation as to whether Satan is actually a hero in this situationRead More Analysis of Satans Speech in in John Miltons Paradise Lost1010 Words   |  5 PagesHeaven itself. In these first 44 lines, Satan is clearly established as epic hero, but at the same time is theologically/morally denounced by the speaker.    This section of the poem opens by establishing Satans position of power and prestige:    High on a throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormus and of Ind, Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand Showrs on her kings barbaric pearl and gold, Satan exalted sat, (II. 1-5).    TheseRead MoreParadise Lost Analysis1295 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the eyes of Satan, whom most people usually consider the ultimate villain. The way in which Satan is portrayed in this story has caused speculation as to whether Satan is actually a hero in this situation. He certainly has heroic qualities throughout the story, yet still is ultimately responsible for Adam and Eves sin. Satan can easily be classified as a hero in this story, as well as the main antagonist, depending on the viewpoint of the reader. Milton introduces Satan as an important character

Gender, Sexuality, Race, And Religion Essay - 2485 Words

Introduction UC Berkeley students are diverse in their age, gender, sexuality, race, and religion. As a result, their aspirations for their career and family life can differ on a person-to-person basis. In her study, Gerson interviewed 120 individuals, averaging an age of 24, and found that the majority of both men and women sought an egalitarian relationship. However, as a fallback plan, women turned to a model of self-reliance while men returned to neo-traditional ideas (2010). Because the majority of her sample consisted of White middle-class individuals I was interested in observing whether these findings were applicable to marginalized identities in a college setting that have different experiences from the dominant society. After conducting a qualitative analysis on a sample of 12 self-identified Latina Berkeley students, I found that while marriage and children were in most of their family plans, the majority would not sacrifice their careers and regarded them as significant. These women emphasized an importance on personal growth and necessitated egalitarian partners that would support them in their careers. This is a significant shift away from gendered ideas present in Latino culture. Literature Review In The Unfinished Revolution, Gerson discusses three main models of family life: an egalitarian outlook, a self-reliant outlook, and a neo-traditional outlook. An egalitarian outlook focuses on an equal partnership where financial, household, and childcareShow MoreRelatedReligion, Religion And Religion Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesIn Western society, religion plays a vital role in maintaining traditionalism. For instance, growing up as a Christian, I was taught that God loves everyone and forgives us of our sins, but he also condemns homosexuality and gives the consequence for such a lifestyle. Leviticus 20:13 mentions that â€Å"If a man lies with a male as he lies with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination. They shall surely be put to death. Their blood {shall be} upon them†. Basically, I believe that the BibleRead MoreAnalysis Of Foucault And Queer Theory 1211 Words   |  5 PagesIn Foucault and Queer Theory Spargo defines queer theory as a nebulous group of cultural criticism and analysis of social power structures relating to sexuality . It is these power structures and aspects of culture that are responsible for the discourse that creates and informs ones understanding of gender, race, and sexuality. However these aspects of identity do not exist separately from one another, but are constructed in tandem throughout history. These layers of identity inform each otherRead MoreReligion And Religion Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesReligion is universal. Although people may have different ideologies and practices, everyone believes in something, whether they deem it their religion or not. In this way, religion is a powerful connection between all of humanity; thus, it is important to understand the people behind religion and how their unique characteristics correlates with and influences religion—whether that be their social class, ethnicity, gender, or politics. However, ethnicity and gender, along with the closely linkedRead MoreLabeling, As Humans, We Can Not Make Sense Of The Past Nor Present Without Labeling Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagescategorizing each individual we associate ourselves with. Our minds have a constant need to understand, so we create labels to be able to comprehend everything. The problem with this process is we create a false sense of who people are based off race, class, and gender. These three formalities of classification link to each other in that they are the major ways we sort out relationships between other humans in our minds. In other words, we utilize these three systems in order to, hopefully, understand eachRead MoreIntersectionality In Desi Hoop Dreams, By Stanley I. Thangaraj751 Words   |  4 Pagesthe concept of masculinity in relation to gender, race, sexuality, class, and ethnicity. Thangaraj uses his friends’ along with his own experiences to illustrate an intersectional relationship, thus creates a stereotypical view of Asian-Americans. Throughout the book, character Mustafa illustrates the idea, as well as gives examples of both intersectional and relational dimensions, through relationships between gender, class, race, ethnicity, and sexuality. In chapter 2, sub-section Philanthropy:Read MoreGiving An Education By Adrienne Rich Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge, the result of which ultimately affected the marginalization of women and heightened consciousness. 2. Gender arrangements play a role in separating male and female which gives society the opportunity to view one specific group as higher than the other. This is also partly due to different genders having differing talents or qualities which helps establish oppression. Social class, race, ethnicity and sexual identity all take part in creating systems of power and establishing privilege over certainRead MoreThe Importance Of Studying The Relationships And Subject Formations1688 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity for my religion. Growing up I always lived in predominantly white communities, I’ve always attended in predominantly white schools, and I have a regular American name. So by being African American I always had to prove myself to people. My mother always had this mindset that since I am a female, an African American female at that, that I always had to go the extra mile in whatever I do in life. When I was younger I didn’t have as many social problems with my race as I do now. Now, IRead MoreThe Social Discrimination Of Women977 Words   |  4 Pagesthey are assigned a gender based on what the genitalia look like at birth which was stated by author Judith Lorber, in Night to His Day (Lorber 55). In today’s society, individuals are free to express themselves and gender how ever they desire, but a few conservative, as well as traditional mindsets believe otherwise. Going back to more traditional times, patriarchy was a common thing. During a poll asked by Professor Revilla in my W omen’s Studies class, which stated: â€Å"Which race of men do you believeRead MoreGeography And The World Of Geography1221 Words   |  5 PagesThis course has made me think about topics and things that I have never reflected upon. I have had this standard premonition of geography as just places or maps, but there is so much more. I enjoyed learning about the different races, history of gender equality, and religions of the world the most. Geography has influenced my political, social, and economic views of the world. One of the topics in this course, geographies of languages, was one that interested me in learning more. One of the reasonsRead MoreFactors That Affect The Social Location Of A Person With Race, Class, Age, Sexuality, And890 Words   |  4 Pageseach other for us. Intersectionality means the interlocking a person with race, class, age, sexuality and so on. For example, people of same race will experience different treatment depending on their social location in the class structure as a working class, professional managerial class, or unemployed class; in the gender structure as female or male; and in the structure of sexuality as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. In particular, for example, an unemployed black lesbian would be treated

How Romanticism Killed Love - 1948 Words

How romanticism killed love Picture the scene. You are on a torch lit beach in the middle of the Pacific on a warm summer night. There is music in the air and scent of tropical flowers serenades you. As you sit with him overlooking the moon’s reflection on the ocean, you get lost in his eyes. Words are mumbled and the warmth of his body has you yearning. Finally an embrace and a kiss as you think â€Å"happily ever after†. Although not a great passage, how often have you read or heard something similar? See, Romanticism killed love. Was the majority of the times you heard something similar, was it in a book listed under fiction or romance? Romance is not the truth, their is no happily ever after. There is work, dedication and commitment†¦show more content†¦The characteristics of warfare and survival was based on the strength and number of warriors a tribe had. Given the harsh realities of the time and the need to reproduce being a necessity, the idea of sex being intertwined with a soci al construct as marriage is unlikely. What is known is the ceremonies and celebrations of fertility and even when a female enters her child bearing ages. These ceremonies emphasized womanhood and the transition of a girl to the age of motherhood. The social idea of womanhood was not based off of â€Å"marriage†, but her ability to strengthen the tribe with reproduction. When we look at the transition from the stone age to bronze age, with the advent of permanent settlements and farming, a more stable and safer environment started to create basic social norms on the idea of sex. The first traces of monogamy and the social construct of â€Å"marriage† was created. As the centuries past the added construct of â€Å"marriage† has evolved and separated from sex. In the majority of Eurasian cultures, a patriarchal societies evolved and essentially created a four tier social system. Royalty or ruling class being the top tier, men being the next tier, followed by women, and slaves being the last tier. Here we see â€Å"marriage† becoming institutionalized rather then mere ceremony to become an enforceable patency ofShow MoreRelatedThe Minister s Black Veil1211 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Romanticism, that is an interesting thing to use in a story to catch the reader s attention. What that is, is to elevate the imagination over reason . today Edgar Allen Poe remains popular for his hunting poems and suspenseful stories. American Romantic writers differ than the European romanticism writers. Declaration of Independence used a lot of American romanticism. The Declaration Of Independence is a very historical and important document. There were many great American Romanticism writersRead MoreThe Minister s Black Veil1212 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Romanticism, that is an interesting thing to use in a story to catch the reader s attention. What that is, is to elevate the imagination over reason. today Edgar Allen Poe remains popular for his hunting poems and suspenseful stories. American Romantic writers differ than the European romanticism writers. Declaration of Independence used a lot of American romanticism. The Declaration Of Independence is a very historical and important document. There were many great American Romanticism writersRead MoreRomantic Intellectuals? Discuss 5 Romantic Era Intellectuals1457 Words   |  6 Pagestheir lives, beliefs, and works. The Romanticism Era had a lot of intellectuals. These intellectuals had a common set of characteristics. Here is a list of the Characteristics of these intellectuals. Most had roots in Germany, the had emphasis on emotions and sentiment, not reason or logic. They also believed that you dealt with inner forces rather than external events or material objects-interest in the supernatural, nature, and mythology. Most had a love of nature. Also they were Individualism/self-realizationRead MoreRomanticism and Realism: Examples of Mark Twain and Herman Melville Novels1398 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Essay Rough Draft Romanticism and realism are two very different styles of writings. They both came about in the 19th century. Writing through romanticism is a way to express your emotions in a deeper way, but writing through realism is a way to express your true feelings about how the world is. In Herman Melville’s Moby Dick he uses romanticism to express his point. In The War Prayer by Mark Twain, the speaker talks about the real aspects of war. Romanticism first came about in the 18thRead MoreThe Musings Of A Romanticist1188 Words   |  5 PagesThe Musings of a Romanticist What does Romanticism do to a person? Does it, let uninhibited actions flow free, corrupting human morals? Or does it free the soul from the clutches of society? I thought that Nathaniel Hawthorne’s commentary on uniqueness was compelling. In the Scarlet Letter, he highlights the pros and cons of being yourself. In that, he shows how the lack of individualism can kill a person on the inside. Examples include Roger Chillingworth and Arthur Dimmesdale, both charactersRead MoreAnalysis of I wondered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth1309 Words   |  6 Pagesupon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my hearth with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. Analysis: Wordsworth had nature as his religion, and that was the main theme of his work and also a characteristic of romanticism. And it’s also very clear on this poem. As literary devices, we have Alliteration on the second line of the first stanza, alliteration and assonance on the fifth line of the first stanza and personification on the last line of the first stanzaRead MoreThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Question: Part A: Analyze the social and historical context of a particular poem Poem: T. S. Eliot, ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The context of any given text whether poetry, novels or a movie is always integral to its understanding. Social and historical context of not only the given text, but the writer’s context and reader’s context play an important role in the interpretation and understanding of the major ideas, issues, values and beliefs within the text. T.S (Thomas Stearns) EliotRead MoreHow Evil Can One Be?997 Words   |  4 Pages How evil can one be? Husband committing a murder on his wife, father killing his daughter and animals experiencing humans hostile act is most disturbing yet realistic facts of the Dark Romanticism period. Romanticism is best described as a journey away from the corruption of civilization and the limits of rational thought and toward the integrity of nature and the freedom of imagination. Dark romanticism is a literary sub-genre of Romanticism. It talks about natureRead MoreThe Raven A Man By Edgar Allan Poe1737 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism has dated back since the 1780’s, the literature behind Romanticism is full with emotion, passion and wildness. The characters in these passages are very distinguished, they are also iconic. The stories are usually set a unknown place for example in a castle or in the woods, or they are set in a known place where something is out of the ordinary. There is something supernatural going on within the passage of writing. There are many thing that happe n in the story that doesn’t happen inRead MoreAnalysis Of Rip Van Winkle And The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow By Washington Irving1380 Words   |  6 Pagespeople they become. Children soak in information from school, the public, their family, and religious experiences.[Reflection]Dependent upon what this child learns and how they use it, they may fall under two rather wide spanning categories, Rationalist or Romantic. Romantics believed in the purity and beauty of nature.[Thesis] Romanticism is a time period that many authors began to emerge in. These authors wrote about their strong feelings, and that nature is more important than city life. [Preview]

Internet Plagiarism free essay sample

Running head: INTERNET PLAGIARISM1 Internet Plagiarism Anna Pindell Devry University INTERNET PLAGIARISM2 Plagiarism, copyright laws and social networking. Social and professional networking sites have changed the way we connect and network to other people. It has become a necessity to utilize these sources as a way to communicate and express our thoughts, ideas and interests often by posting a written statement or image. Too often these expressions are stolen without the knowledge of the original source. Plagiarism is considered fraud and idea stealing is an act of plagiarism. Copyright law must be used in conjunction with the rules of plagiarism to protect the expressions made by people on social networking sites. Plagiarism can take on many forms. According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to â€Å"plagiarize† means: †¢ to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own. †¢ to use (another’s production) without crediting the source. †¢ to commit literary theft. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Plagiarism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢ to present as new and original an idea product derived from an existing source. Simply put, plagiarism is an act of copying and it has been around for centuries, even before the invention of the printing press by German inventor Johannes Gutenburg around 1450 A. D. Historians say that there was very little regard for authorship and that scholars and other authors liberally copied works from others using scissors and paste. In the 17th century during a sequence of internecine wars between England, Scotland, and Ireland, Monarch Charles I was tried and sentenced to death and Britain was ruled by INTERNET PLAGIARISM4 republican systems that often ignored patents and licensing and allowed the ook trade to expand. Poor writers were paid to use the works of more successful writers in order to create journals and pamphlets that could be sold at a profit. Publishing pirates often reprinted original best selling books into smaller formats that could easily be disposed of and could charge a cheaper price in order for larger amounts of people to purchase not just royalty. These pirates would then mix and match content as they saw the need or opportunity (Johns, 2009). The time between then and the late 20th century, plagiarism has been verily easy to detect. There were fewer sources then to copy and there wasn’t the dissemination of information that we have today. Today, publishers have to contend with several forms of plagiarism: †¢ self-plagiarism; which is when an author uses his own work over and over again without acknowledgement. †¢ literal, or word-for-word plagiarism; which is when an author uses another author’s text word for word without acknowledgement. Plagiarism of this nature is considered academic fraud. †¢ image plagiarism; can range from table and diagrams to artwork and photographs. Often it is easier to prove copyright infringement when it comes to imagery. Ideas plagiarism; when an idea of another is used for commercial gain without acknowledgement. INTERNET PLAGIARISM5 †¢ citation plagiarism; either not giving credit for sources or removing other citations to make things easy. †¢ wholesale plagiarism; is blatant piracy and involves completely copying someone else’s work f or financial reasons (Sanders, 2010). With the increasing advancement of our digital age plagiarism is getting easier to detect and for a small fee students and writers can stay honest (Posner, 2007). These anti-plagiarism sources benefit the academic world, but what happens when plagiarism is used by large corporations? writing android service The Authors Guild, the Association of American Publishers, and also a group of authors and publishers filed a class action lawsuit against Google Book Search (GBS) in 2008. Google denied any wrongdoing but did settle with the plaintiffs for the amount of $45 million dollars to be distributed to the copyright holders. GBS’s supporters would argue that preserving books by digitizing them help us to access our past and in the wake of natural disasters this process is necessary. Top publishing houses and universities from all over the world including Oxford University have supported GBS since 2004. Many feel that if GBS has to ask permission for each book that is in print or out of print it wouldn’t exist. However, if they don’t ask permission and they are using excerpts or complete copies of these books that is plagiarism and because many of these books are still in copyright the rights of the copyright holders has been violated. After all Google is not completely altruistic, they are making a profit from their invention (Koehler, 2008). INTERNET PLAGIARISM6 Social understanding of intellectual property rights change as our culture changes. The more we know about past literary rights the better we can make arrangements for the rights of our future. The first copyrighted law came into effect in 1710 with the British Statute of Anne. This statute asks the Queen and Parliament to prevent corrupt printers and booksellers from reprinting and publishing the works of original authors and proprietors. This act also asks the Queen that any of these published works that do not have the consent of the original proprietor be used for waste paper and that one penny for each sheet published be charged to the immoral publishers and then given to the Queen and her family ((Netanel, 2008). Two hundred years later famous authors like Charles Dickens, Victor Hugo, and Edgar Allen Poe were to campaign for copyright protection (Koehler, 2008). Since then copyright laws have been changed and revised. In 1976 The Fair Use Doctrine was added as Section 107 of The Copyright Act of 1976 and states that â€Å"The Fair Use Doctrine is one of the most important limitations on the exclusive rights of the copyright holder. It allows that copyright can be infringed because strict application of the law impedes the production and dissemination of works to the public† (What is fair, 2011). This act provides a four-part test for fair use. Under section 107: the factors that need to be considered for fair use are the following: 1. the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; INTERNET PLAGIARISM7 2. the nature of the copyrighted work; 3. the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and 4. the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors (Koehler, 2008). These factors are very important in determining copyright infringement in today’s fast-pasted information exchange. The Internet has changed the way we are informed and how we are educated. It has also changed the way we are connected to those around us. In 1994 one of the first Internet Social Networking sites was launched called Geocities. com. The concept of this web site was for users to created their own web site in accordance to one of six cities (Hollywood, New York City, etc. ) In 1995 Theglobe. com gave their users the ability to interact with others and publish their own life experiences. In 1997 Sixdegrees. com launches which allowed its users to create their own profile and list friends. 2002 introduced us to Friendster. com which allowed us to connect with real-world friends. Friendster. com grew to over 3 million users in 3 months and was quickly followed by Myspace. com in 2003. In the years to follow there is a surge in social networking sites to include; LinkedIn. com, Classmates. com, and Tribe. net to name a few. Then INTERNET PLAGIARISM8 in 2004 Facebook. com is launched and quickly turns into the most successful and widely used social networking site in the world. In 2006 Twitter. com is launched as a site that is also a social networking site that encourages micro blogging and instant messaging. Today’s current statistics show that from April of 2009 to February 2010, Facebook nearly doubles its membership status from over two hundred million to over four hundred million active users. In 2008, Twitter reported an annual growth rate of 752 percent, capping off the year with a total of 4. 43 million unique visitors in December (Purcell, 2010). It’s safe to say that social networking sites like the ones listed above have changed the way we connect to each other. These sites have given even the most introverted personality types the means to communicate and stay connected to people all over the world. Social networking sites have changed the way we communicate with each other and they have also changed the way we dispute each other. Early in the history of social networking sites people were filing lawsuits against such sites for slanderous statements made from one user against another. They also sued for inappropriate image postings, illegal use of trade marking, fraudulent promises, and other liability risks. Luckily in 1996 the U. S. Congress foresaw these increased liability risks and created the Communications Decency Act (CDA) that contains provisions that minimize some of these liabilities (Purcell, 2010). This CDA grants interactive computer service providers (ICSP’s) immunity from civil suits. Because of this immunity social networking sites have expanded and become hugely successful. INTERNET PLAGIARISM9 However, in order for these ICSP’s to qualify for this immunity they must remain liable for â€Å"any law pertaining to intellectual property† (Purcell, 2010). Intellectual property is the product of human creativity, thought, and inventiveness. Even though intellectual property is intangible, it can be more valuable than real or personal property (Bouchoux, 2001). Napster was a successful company until it fell under the scrutiny of the intellectual property law. In addition to these intellectual property liabilities the ICSP’s must also self regulate their sites to screen for offensive or obscene material. Intellectual property rights are protected under the terms of service for Facebook. com. When you accept these terms of service you are granting Facebook â€Å"a non-exclusive, transferable, sub-licensable, royalty-free, worldwide license to use any IP (Intellectual Property) content that you post on or in connection with Facebook (IP License). This IP License ends when you delete your IP content or your account unless your content has been shared with others, and they have not deleted it. (Facebook terms of,) Twitter’s terms of service state that â€Å"you agree that this license (agreement) includes the right for Twitter to make such Content available to other companies, organizations or individuals who partner with Twitter for the syndication, broadcast, distribution or publication of such Content on other media and serv ices, subject to our terms and conditions for such Content use. † (Twitter terms of, ) These services agreements are legally binding documents. If you want to participate on these social networking sites you must accept these terms of service. INTERNET PLAGIARISM10 The best way to protect yourself against social networking sites using your images and other intellectual property is to create your own web site where it will be protected by copyright laws. For $35 anyone can get his or her work legally copyrighted. Although copyrighting your work is not necessary if you decide to not publish your work. However, if someone steals your work and you want to file a lawsuit a copyright will be necessary. Copyright law gives the owner of the copyright the legal right to do what they want with what they have created. It is then up to that individual to determine how their product will be used, copied, and transferred. It is also up to the copyright holder to grant permission to use their product. If the copyright holder does not give you permission then you have no right to use their product. It has been the forbearance by copyright holders from enforcing their rights in order to accommodate most social networking users. If the forbearance were to stop the success of social networking would slow down considerably. In 1997 the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was made into law where, among other things, states â€Å"In general, limits Internet service providers from copyright infringement liability for simply transmitting information over the Internet. Service providers, however, are expected to remove material from users web sites that appears to constitute copyright infringement† (The digital millennium, 2001). Basically, if you post a video of your baby dancing to Prince’s â€Å"Let’s Go Crazy† the DMCA can send you a takedown notice. Which they did in 2007. INTERNET PLAGIARISM11 Some would argue that the copyright laws should be changed to allow participants of social networking sites to create and distribute their derivative works to promote the creation and dissemination of information for the progress of culture and social justice. The labor of these derivative works have been applied only the original concept has been kept the same. Jerry Siegal and Joe Shuster created Superman and from that invention spawned other great superheroes like Captain America, Batman, Spiderman, Green Lantern, and the Fantastic Four. If Siegal and Shuster would have filed a lawsuit to all of the other artists that created superheroes then those superheroes wouldn’t exist and our culture would not know them. Fan fiction is a popular medium typically written in blog form where the characters of popular stories are re-written and the plot is changed, perhaps from the perspective of a villain or sidekick. There are several of these works written online using the J. K. Rowling Harry Potter characters. While these characters and the pretend world they live in are considered plagiarism under sections 101, 103, and 106 of the Copyright Act (Jamar, 2010) they still exist. Rowling herself has stated that she will sometimes use the Harry Potter online dictionary when she’s writing something new because it’s easier for her to find information quickly than to have to go back to her previous works. However, when a fan tries to publish these works of fan fiction she will take them to court and she will win. All of her characters, the magic they do and the environment they live in are pieces of her intellectual property and are protected by copyright law. Only J. K. Rowling can decide what happens to them. Fan fiction writings and other derivative works may seem harmless and seemingly may assist in the expansion of our cultural expression, using another person’s intellectual property is causing students from kindergarten to college age to have a very passive outlook to cheating. With the vast amounts of information online students feel as though this information is there’s for the taking. They are getting their information from a variety of online sources and studies show that one third of students plagiarize using social networking sites (Levy, Sirico, 2011). Many of us use social networking as a means to stay connected to people and events in our lives. Social networking has made it possible to share and communicate with people instantly from all over the world. Understanding the Terms of Agreement behind these sites will make us aware of the risk involved in posting our thoughts, ideas and interests. The more people know about stolen rights the more likely they are to do something about it. Standing up against these social networking sites will force the Copyright Laws to include acts of plagiarism. INTERNET PLAGIARISM12 References Bouchoux, D. . (2001). Protecting your companys intellectual property. New York, New York: American Management Association. Facebook terms of service. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 16, 2011 from http://www. facebook. com/terms. php. Jamar, S. D. (2010). Crafting copyright law to encourage and protect user-generated content in the Internet social networking context. Source-Widener Law Journal, 19(3), 943-872. Johns, A. (2009). Piracy. Chicago, Il: The University of Chicago Press. Koehler, W. (2008). In the matter of plagiarism.. ractice makes perfect. Journal of Library Administration, 47(3/4), 111-124. Levy, J. B. , Sirico, L. J. (2011, May 2). Student cheaters rely mostly on social networks and wikipedia. Retrieved from http://lawprofessors. typepad. com/legal_skills/2011/05/student-cheaters-rely-mostly-on-social-networks-and-wikipedia. html Netanel, N. W. (2008). Copyrights paradox. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. Posner, R. A. (2007). The little book of plagiarism. United States: Pantheon Books. Purcell, R. E. (2010). Is that really me? social networking and the right of publicity. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, 12(3), 611-639. Saunders, J. (2010). Plagiarism and the law. Learned Publishing, 23(4), 279-292. The digital millennium copyright act. (2001, February 8). Retrieved on June 16, 2011 from http://gseis. ucla. edu/iclp/dmca1. htm. Twitter terms of service. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 16, 2011 from http://twitter. com/tos. What is fair use? (n. d. ). Retrieved June 16, 2011, from http://www. ala. org/ala/issuesadvocacy/copyright/copyrightarticle/whatfairuse. cfm.